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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Stop motion animation}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Refimprove|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{More footnotes|date=October 2021}}<br />
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'''Model animation''' is a form of [[stop motion]] animation designed to merge with live-action footage to create the [[illusion]] of a real-world fantasy sequence.<br />
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== Techniques ==<br />
Many types of models have been created and developed, and the choice mainly depends on the budget of the film:<br />
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'''Clay Models:''' Unlike most clay figures used for animation, clay models have an inner metal skeleton designed to allow them realistic movements and expressions.{{sfn|Priebe|2006|p=40}}<br />
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'''Built-Up Models:''' These types of models are more expensive and detailed than clay models. They are made by building up pieces of foam on a metal skeleton to create a body, and then either brushing on several layers of liquid latex or casting soft rubbery skins and attaching then to the padded armature.<br />
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'''"Cast" Models:''' These types of models are the most expensive used in the industry and are longer-lasting than the other types. They start as clay sculptures onto which two- (or more) part molds are made in order to reproduce all the details. Then the mold parts are assembled with an armature inside, and they are filled with a liquid material (foam latex, silicone rubber, urethane foam, etc.) that then forms a soft rubbery "flesh" over the skeleton. <br />
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==Works==<br />
Model animation was pioneered by [[Willis O'Brien]], and it was first used in ''[[The Lost World (1925 film)|The Lost World]]'' (1925). His work also includes<br />
*''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' (1933)<br />
*''[[The Son of Kong]]'' (1933)<br />
*''[[Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1949)<br />
*''[[The Black Scorpion (film)|The Black Scorpion]]'' (1957)<br />
*''[[The Giant Behemoth]]'' (1958)<br />
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Picking up the model animation baton from O'Brien, and refining the process further, introducing color and smoother animation, was his protégé, [[Ray Harryhausen]]. Assisting O'Brien in ''Mighty Joe Young'' in 1949, Harryhausen went on to do model animation (and other special visual effects) on a series of feature-length films,{{sfn|Harryhausen|Dalton|2008|pp=96, 99}} such as:<br />
*''[[The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms]]'' (1953)<br />
*''[[It Came from Beneath the Sea]]'' (1955)<br />
*''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956)<br />
*''[[The Animal World (film)|The Animal World]]'' (Opening Dinosaur sequence, with O'Brien, 1956)<br />
*''[[20 Million Miles To Earth]]'' (1957)<br />
*''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1958)<br />
*''[[The Three Worlds of Gulliver]]'' (1960)<br />
*''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]'' (1961)<br />
*''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963)<br />
*''[[First Men in the Moon (1964 film)|First Men in the Moon]]'' (1964)<br />
*''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1967)<br />
*''[[The Valley of Gwangi]]'' (1969)<br />
*''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1974)<br />
*''[[Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger]]'' (1977)<br />
*''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' (with [[Jim Danforth]], 1981)<br />
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The third generation of model animators featured such notables as Jim Danforth, [[David W. Allen|David Allen]], and [[Phil Tippett]].<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
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=== Works cited ===<br />
* {{cite book|first1=Ray|last1=Harryhausen|author-link1=Ray Harryhausen|last2=Dalton|first2=Tony|author-link2=Tony Dalton|title=A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman|year=2008|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=978-0-8230-9980-1}}<br />
* {{cite book|first1=Ken A.|last1=Priebe|title=The Art of Stop-Motion Animation|year=2006|publisher=Thompson Course Technology|isbn=1-59863-244-2}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[List of stop-motion films]]<br />
*[[Go motion]]<br />
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{{Animation}}<br />
{{Filmsbygenre}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Model Animation}}<br />
[[Category:Stop motion]]<br />
[[Category:Animation techniques]]<br />
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{{animation-stub}}</div>en>Rchard2scout