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{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Directive
|title= Orphan Works Directive
|number= 2012/28/EU
|madeby=[[European Parliament]] & [[European Council|Council]]
|madeunder= Article 53(1), 62 and 114
|OJref= L299, 27 October 2012, pp. 1–8
|OJrefurl= http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:299:0005:0012:EN:PDF
|made= 25 October 2012
|commenced= 29 October 2014
|implementation= 30 October 2014
|CommProp=
|ESCOpin=
|ParlOpin=
|Reports=
|replaces=
|amends=
|amendedby=
|replacedby=
|status=Current
}}

'''Directive 2012/28/EU''' is a [[Directive (European Union)|directive]] of the [[European Parliament]] and [[European Council]] enacted on 25 October 2012 that pertains to certain uses of [[orphan works]].<ref name="Directive 2012/28/EU">{{cite web|title=Orphan works|url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/orphan_works/index_en.htm|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref>

The directive sets out common rules on the digitisation and online display of orphan works.<ref name="Directive 2012/28/EU"/> After a diligent search has been completed, a work can be registered at the orphan works register of the European Union Intellectual Property Office. Registering a work at that database allows for certain permitted uses of that work by cultural heritage institutions. Only such institutions are allowed to submit an orphaned work to the register.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Martinez|first1=Merisa|last2=Terras|first2=Melissa|date=2019-05-13|title='Not Adopted': The UK Orphan Works Licensing Scheme and How the Crisis of Copyright in the Cultural Heritage Sector Restricts Access to Digital Content|journal=Open Library of Humanities|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=36|doi=10.16995/olh.335|issn=2056-6700|doi-access=free}}</ref> In case a copyright holder comes forward later, they are entitled to stop the institution's usage of the work and to ask for a retroactive license fee.

The directive's diligent search requirements have been criticized as burdensome and unworkable.

==Basis==

Orphan works are works like books, newspaper articles, or films, which may be protected under [[copyright]] but for which the copyright holder cannot be found. A substantial portion of the collections of Europe's cultural institutions are orphan works (e.g. the British Library estimates that 40 per cent of its copyrighted collections, 150 million works in total, are orphan works).<ref name="European Commission Memo">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_12_743|title=Memo – Orphan works – FAQ|last=|first=|date=4 October 2012|work=europa.eu|publisher=European Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=27 May 2014}}</ref> Orphan works are not available for legal use by filmmakers, archivists, writers, musicians, and broadcasters. Public libraries, educational institutions and museums, that digitise old manuscripts, books, sound recordings and film, may choose to not digitise orphan works, or make orphan works available to the public,<ref name= Netanel>{{Cite book| last= Netanel| first= Neil| title= Copyright's paradox| publisher= Oxford University Press US| year= 2008| page= 200| url= https://www.google.com/books?id=vo9G-0iZNQIC&dq=orphan+works&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn =978-0-19-513762-0 }}</ref> for fear that a re-appearing rights-holder may sue them for damages.<ref name= Borgman>{{Cite book| last= Borgman| first= Christine L.| title= Scholarship in the digital age: information, infrastructure, and the internet| publisher= MIT Press| year= 2007| page= [https://archive.org/details/scholarshipindig00borg/page/108 108]| url= https://archive.org/details/scholarshipindig00borg/page/108| isbn= 978-0-262-02619-2| url-access= registration}}</ref>

The EU had set out large-scale digitisation programs (such as [[Europeana]]) and in order for these programs to be successful, common rules on how to deal with orphan works needed to be established.<ref name="European Commission Memo" />

By early 2016, more than three years after the directive's enactment, the orphan works register only contained 1,435 works, which critics cited as evidence "that the EU approach to orphan works is unreasonably complex and won’t adequately address the problem it’s trying to fix," namely enabling mass digitization efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.communia-association.org/2016/02/16/orphan-works-directive-does-not-work/|title=Research: Orphan Works Directive does not work for mass digitisation|last=Zeinstra|first=Maarten|date=2016-02-16|website=International Communia Association|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> After six years, in 2018, the number had reached 6,000.<ref name=":0" />

==Works Covered by the Directive==

This directive applies to the following orphan works that were created in the EU:

* printed works (books, journals, magazines and newspapers)
* [[cinematographic]] and audio-visual works
* [[Sound recording|phonogram]]s
* works embedded or incorporated in other works or phonograms (e.g. pictures in a book)

Under certain conditions, the directive can also apply to unpublished works (such as letters or manuscripts).<ref name="European Commission Memo" /> Whether orphaned software and video games ("[[Abandonware]]") fall under the ''audiovisual works'' definition is debated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiig.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Maier_JIPITEC-2015-120_Games-as-cultural-heritage.pdf|title=Games as Cultural Heritage Copyright Challenges for Preserving (Orphan) Video Games in the EU |accessdate=18 January 2016 |first=Henrike |last=Maier |publisher=[[Humboldt Universität zu Berlin]] |date=2015 |work=JIPITEC |pages=120}}</ref>

==Function==

The directive provides regulations on how to identify orphan works. An organisation that wishes to digitise a work in question has to conduct a scrupulous search to find its copyright holder. In this search, it should rely on sources such as databases and registries like ARROW<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arrow-net.eu/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715152334/https://www.arrow-net.eu/ |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for text and image-based works. A registry for [[orphan film]] is currently{{When|date=January 2020}} developed by ACE – [[Association of European Film Archives and Cinematheques]] in the FORWARD project.<ref>http://www.project-forward.eu</ref> A diligent search guideline and tool has also been developed by the EnDOW project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageportal.eu/News-Events/Latest-News/EnDOW-Heritage-Plus-Project-Profile.html |title=EnDOW - Heritage Plus Project Profile - Heritage Portal |website=www.heritageportal.eu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065748/http://www.heritageportal.eu/News-Events/Latest-News/EnDOW-Heritage-Plus-Project-Profile.html |archive-date=2018-05-14}} </ref> By 2017, its tool for diligent searches was available for 20 European Union Member states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diligentsearch.eu/list-sources-diligent-search-20-european-countries/|title=List of sources for diligent search in 20 European countries|last=Maurizio|date=2017-12-22|website=diligent search|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> Around that time, a study by EnDOW researchers warned that "the absence of hierarchical validity of the appropriate sources for Diligent Search leave the clearing of rights uncertain" and that "only the free accessibility of hierarchized sources will make Diligent Search workable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://diligentsearch.eu/only-the-free-accessibility-of-hierarchized-sources-will-make-diligent-search-workable/|title=Report: Only the free accessibility of hierarchized sources will make Diligent Search workable|last=Maurizio|date=2017-06-19|website=diligent search|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> At the time of the launch of the directive in 2012, it had been hoped that other sectors would develop similar information databases.<ref name="European Commission Memo" />

The directive also establishes that if a search does not find the identity or location of the copyright holder, the work shall be officially recognised as an orphan work. This status shall be valid for the whole of the [[European Union]], which means the organisation will be able to make it available online in all Member States. The directive also foresaw the establishment of a single European registry of all recognised orphan works to be set up and run by [[European Union Intellectual Property Office|EUIPO]], the European Union Intellectual Property Office based in [[Alicante]].<ref name="European Commission Memo" /> This database went live in October 2014 as a publicly accessible online platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/web/observatory/news/-/action/view/1595189|title=Orphan Works Database goes live|last=|first=|date=October 27, 2014|website=euipo.europa.eu|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

Works identified as orphan works can be used by beneficiary organisations to achieve aims related to their public interest mission. They will be allowed to conclude public-private partnerships with commercial operators and to generate revenues from the use of orphan works to cover digitisation costs.<ref name="European Commission Memo" />

Under this directive, a reappearing copyright-holder can assert his/her copyright and thereby end the orphan work status,<ref name="European Commission Memo" /> and is entitled to license fees from the cultural institution for its usage of the work while it had orphan status.<ref name=":0" />

The Directive was influenced by a survey of the state of intellectual property law in the [[United Kingdom]] called the ''[[Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth]]''. [[James Boyle (academic)|James Boyle]], one of the experts consulted for the Review, acknowledged the directive as "a start", but offered this criticism of the resulting policy:<ref>[http://www.thepublicdomain.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Is-Copyright-Reform-Possible1.pdf "(When) Is Copyright Reform Possible? Lessons from the Hargreaves Review"] by James Boyle (2015), also in: {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-TFDgAAQBAJ&q=%22heavily+institutional%22+%22no+threat%22|title=Copyright Law in an Age of Limitations and Exceptions|date=2017-03-30|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56526-1|editor-last=Okediji|editor-first=Ruth L.|language=en}}</ref>{{blockquote|In brief, the scheme is heavily institutional, statist, and inflexible. Its provisions can really only be used by educational and cultural heritage institutions, only for non-profit purposes, with lengthy and costly licensing provisions designed to protect the monetary interests of—almost certainly—nonexistent rightsholders. The EU seemed never to grasp the idea that ''citizens'' also need to have access to orphan works, for uses that almost certainly present no threat to any living rightsholder.|sign=|source=}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:299:0005:0012:EN:PDF Directive 2012/28/EU]
* [http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-743_en.htm?locale=en Orphan works – FAQ] from the [[European Commission]]
*[https://euipo.europa.eu./orphanworks/ Orphan Works Database] on the website of the [[European Union Intellectual Property Office]]

{{European Union topics}}
{{Legislation of the European Union}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2012/28/EU}}
[[Category:European Union directives]]
[[Category:Orphan works| ]]
[[Category:Copyright law of the European Union]]

Orphan Works Directive - Revision history

JJR: 1 revision imported: Orphan_works

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