Difference between revisions of "Ray Harryhausen"

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{{Short description|American animator (1920–2013)}}
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{{redirect|Dynamation|the computer software|Dynamation (software)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name              = Ray Harryhausen
| image              = Harryhausen.jpg
| caption            = Harryhausen at the Jules Verne Festival in October 2006
| birth_name        = Raymond Frederick Harryhausen
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1920|6|29}}
| birth_place        = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|2013|05|07|1920|06|29}}
| death_place        = [[London]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-ray-harryhausen-20130508-story.html|title=Ray Harryhausen dies at 92; special-effects legend|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2013-05-07|access-date=2021-12-22}}</ref>
| alma_mater        = [[University of Southern California]] <br> [[Los Angeles City College]]
| occupation        = [[Stop motion]] [[Model animation|model animator]]
| years_active      = 1939–2010
| spouse            = {{marriage|Diana Livingstone Bruce|1963}}
| children          = Vanessa Harryhausen
| website            = {{URL|rayharryhausen.com}}
| signature          = Ray Harryhausen signature.png
| awards            = {{awd|[[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]] ([[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for technological contributions)|1991}} {{awd|[[Inkpot Award]] |1992<ref>[https://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot Inkpot Award]</ref>}} {{awd|[[EMP Museum#Science Fiction Hall of Fame|Science Fiction Hall of Fame]] |2005}} {{awd |Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards |2006}}
}}
'''Raymond Frederick Harryhausen'''<ref name="NYT Obituary">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/08/movies/ray-harryhausen-cinematic-special-effects-innovator-dies-at-92.html |title=Ray Harryhausen, Whose Creatures Battled Jason and Sinbad, Dies at 92 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Patrick J. |last=Lyons |date=2013-05-07 |access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref> (June 29, 1920&nbsp;– May 7, 2013) was an American [[animator]] and [[special effects]] creator who created a form of [[stop motion]] [[model animation]] known as "Dynamation".<ref name="NYT Obituary"/> His works include the animation for ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1949) with his mentor [[Willis H. O'Brien]] (for which the latter won the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]]); his first color film, ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1958); and ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963), which featured a sword fight with seven [[Skeleton (undead)|skeleton warriors]]. His last film was ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981), after which he retired.
 
In 1960, Harryhausen moved to the United Kingdom and became a dual American-British citizen. He lived in London until his death in 2013. During his life, his innovative style of special effects in films inspired numerous filmmakers. In November 2016 the [[BFI]] compiled a list of those present-day filmmakers who claim to have been inspired by Harryhausen, including [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Peter Jackson]], [[Joe Dante]], [[Tim Burton]], [[Nick Park]], [[James Cameron]], and [[Guillermo del Toro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/comment/obituaries/mighty-ray-harryhausen|title=Mighty Ray Harryhausen|website=bfi.org.uk}}</ref> Others influenced by him include [[George Lucas]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/05/07/ray-harryhausen-obit/2141651/|title=Hollywood effects wizard Ray Harryhausen dies at 92|website=[[USA Today]]|language=en|access-date=2019-03-01}}</ref> [[John Lasseter]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/special-fx-pioneer-ray-harryhausen-dies-at-92-1200470873/|title=Special F/X Pioneer Ray Harryhausen Dies At 92|website=variety.com|date=7 May 2013}}</ref> [[John Landis]], [[Henry Selick]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film.avclub.com/henry-selick-1798215699|title=Interview with Henry Selick|website=Film AVClub|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref> [[J. J. Abrams]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecinematheque.ca/dynamation-a-tribute-to-ray-harryhausen|title=Dynamation! The 7th Voyage of Sinbad + Jason and the Argonauts: A Tribute to Ray Harryhausen (1920-2013)|website=The Cinematheque|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06|archive-date=2019-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604194631/http://www.thecinematheque.ca/dynamation-a-tribute-to-ray-harryhausen|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Wes Anderson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lwlies.com/articles/wes-anderson-isle-of-dogs-akira-kurosawa/|title=Wes Anderson says Isle of Dogs is inspired by Akira Kurosawa|website=Little White Lies|language=en|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref>
 
==Early life==
Harryhausen was born in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], the son of Martha L. (née Reske) and Frederick W. Harryhausen. Of [[German people|German]] descent, the family surname was originally spelled "Herrenhausen".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mandell, Paul|url=https://www.questia.com/library/1P3-1254069131/of-genies-and-dragons-the-career-of-ray-harryhausen|title=Of Genies and Dragons: The Career of Ray Harryhausen|journal=American Cinematographer|volume=73|issue=12|date=December 1992|access-date=2017-09-10|archive-date=2014-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220110237/http://www.questia.com/library/1P3-1254069131/of-genies-and-dragons-the-career-of-ray-harryhausen|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==Life and career==
 
===1930s and 1940s===
After having seen ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' (1933) on its initial release for the first of many times, Harryhausen spent his early years experimenting in the production of animated shorts, inspired by the burgeoning science fiction literary genre of the period. The scenes utilising [[Stop motion|stop-motion animation]] (or [[model animation]]), those featuring creatures on the island or Kong, were the work of pioneer model animator [[Willis H. O'Brien|Willis O'Brien]]. His work in ''King Kong'' inspired Harryhausen, and a friend arranged a meeting with O'Brien for him. O'Brien critiqued Harryhausen's early models and urged him to take classes in graphic arts and sculpture to hone his skills. Taking O'Brien's advice, while still at high school, Harryhausen took evening classes in art direction, photography and editing at the newly formed [[USC School of Cinematic Arts|School of Cinematic Arts]] at the [[University of Southern California]], where he would later serve as a lecturer.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cinema.usc.edu/news/article.cfm?id=13570 | title=In Memoriam: Ray Harryhausen |publisher=[[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] | date=2013-05-07 | access-date=2020-06-30}}</ref> Meanwhile, he became friends with an aspiring writer, [[Ray Bradbury]], with similar enthusiasms.<ref>''The Harryhausen Chronicles'', documentary written and directed by Richard Schickel, 1997.</ref> Bradbury and Harryhausen joined the Los Angeles chapter of the [[Science Fiction League]] (now the [[Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society]]), Bradbury in 1937, Harryhausen in 1939, where they met [[Forrest J Ackerman]]; and the three became lifelong friends.
 
After studying art and anatomy at [[Los Angeles City College]],{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Harryhausen secured his first commercial model-animation job, on [[George Pal|George Pal's]] ''[[Puppetoons]]'' shorts,<ref>url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ray-harryhausen-pioneer-of-special-effects-hailed-as-the-master-of-stop-motion-animation-8608340.html |title=Ray Harryhausen: Pioneer of special effects hailed as the master of stop-motion animation</ref> based on viewing his first formal demo reel of fighting dinosaurs from a project called ''Evolution of the World'', which was never finished.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
 
During [[World War II]], Harryhausen served in the United States Army [[Special Services (entertainment)|Special Services]] Division under Colonel [[Frank Capra]], as a loader, clapper boy, gofer and later camera assistant, whilst working at home animating short films about the use and development of military equipment. During this time, he also worked with composer [[Dimitri Tiomkin]] and Ted Geisel ("[[Dr. Seuss]]").<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/58/58harryhauseniv.html | title=Monsters, Inc. An Interview with Ray Harryhausen | last=Love | first=Damien|publisher=Bright Lights Film Journal | date=November 2007 | access-date=2009-08-22}}</ref> Following the war, he salvaged several rolls of discarded [[16 mm film|16&nbsp;mm]] surplus film from which he made a series of [[fairy tale]]-based shorts, which he called his "teething-rings".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/ray-harryhausen-408d72dc-bd1b-475a-9dfb-6b75f617b1fc | title= Ray Harryhausen Timeline | publisher=Timetoast | access-date=2019-03-13}}</ref>
 
In 1947, Harryhausen was hired as an assistant animator (credited as "First technician, Special Effects") on what turned out to be his first major film, ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1949).<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041650/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ql_cl "Mighty Joe Young" (1949), IMDb]</ref>
 
===1950s===
[[File:20 million miles to earth (1957) Ymir 2.png|thumb|The Ymir from ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]'' (1957)]]
The first film with Ray Harryhausen in full charge of technical effects was ''[[The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms]]'' (1953) which began development under the working title ''Monster From the Sea''. The filmmakers learned that a long-time friend of Harryhausen, writer [[Ray Bradbury]], had sold a short story called "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms" (later re-titled "[[The Fog Horn]]") to ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'', about a dinosaur drawn to a lone lighthouse by its foghorn. Because the story for Harryhausen's film featured a similar scene, the film studio bought the rights to Bradbury's story to avoid any potential legal problems. Also, the title was changed back to ''The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms''. Under that title, it became Harryhausen's first solo feature film effort, and a major international box-office hit for [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]].
 
It was on ''The Beast From 20,000 Fathoms'' that Harryhausen first used a technique he created called "Dynamation" that split the background and foreground of pre-shot live action footage into two separate images into which he would animate a model or models, seemingly integrating the live-action with the models. The background would be used as a miniature rear-screen with his models animated in front of it, re-photographed with an animation-capable camera to combine those two elements together, the foreground element matted out to leave a black space. Then the film was rewound, and everything except the foreground element matted out so that the foreground element would now photograph in the previously blacked out area. This created the effect that the animated model was "sandwiched" in between the two live action elements, right into the final live action scene.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=Tony |last2=Harryhausen |first2=Ray |title=A Century of Stop Motion: From Méliès to Aardman |date=2008 |publisher=Watson Guptill}}</ref>
 
In most of Harryhausen's films, model animated characters interact with, and are a part of, the live action world, with the idea that they will cease to call attention to themselves as only "animation." Most of the effects shots in his earliest films were created via Harryhausen's careful frame-by-frame control of the lighting of both the set and the projector. This dramatically reduced much of degradation common in the use of back-projection or the creation of dupe negatives via the use of an [[optical printer]]. Harryhausen's use of diffused glass to soften the sharpness of light on the animated elements allowed the matching of the soft background plates far more successfully than Willis O'Brien had achieved in his early films, allowing Harryhausen to match live and miniature elements seamlessly in most of his shots. By developing and executing most of this miniature work himself, Harryhausen saved money, while maintaining full technical control.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
[[File:7th voyage of Sinbad - Cyclops vs Dragon.png|thumb|The [[Cyclops]] and [[Dragon]] battle sequence from ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1958)]]
 
A few years later, when Harryhausen began working with color film to make ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'', he experimented extensively with color film stocks to overcome the color-balance-shift problems. Ray's producer/partner [[Charles H. Schneer]] coined the word Dynamation as a "merchandising term" (modifying it to "SuperDynaMation" and then "Dynarama" for some subsequent films).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rayharryhausen.com/dynamation.php |title=Dynamation |work=Ray Harryhausen: the official website |publisher=Rayharryhausen.com |year=2009 |access-date=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223005306/http://www.rayharryhausen.com/dynamation.php |archive-date=2012-02-23 }}</ref>
 
Harryhausen was always heavily involved in the pre-production conceptualizing of each film's story, script development, art-direction, design, storyboards, and general tone of his films, as much as any ''[[Auteur theory|auteur]]'' director would have on any other film, which any "director" of Harryhausen's films had to understand and agree to work under. The complexities of the [[Directors Guild of America]]'s rules prevented Harryhausen from being credited as the director of his films, resulting in the more modest credits he had in most of his films.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
Throughout most of his career, Harryhausen's work was a sort of family affair. His father did the machining of the metal armatures (based on his son's designs) that were the skeletons for the models and allowed them to keep their position, while his mother assisted with some miniature costumes. After Harryhausen's father died in 1973, Harryhausen contracted his armature work out to another machinist. An occasional assistant, [[George Lofgren]], a taxidermist, assisted Harryhausen with the creation of furred creatures. Another associate, Willis Cook, built some of Harryhausen's miniature sets. Other than that, Harryhausen worked generally alone to produce almost all of the animation for his films.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
The same year that ''Beast'' was released, 1953, fledgling film producer [[Irwin Allen]] released a live action documentary about life in the oceans titled ''[[The Sea Around Us]]'', which won an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for best documentary feature film of that year. Allen's and Harryhausen's paths would cross three years later, on Allen's sequel to this film.
 
Harryhausen soon met and began a fruitful partnership with producer [[Charles H. Schneer]], who was working with the [[Sam Katzman]] B-picture unit of [[Columbia Pictures]]. Their first tandem project was ''[[It Came from Beneath the Sea]]'' (a.k.a. ''Monster from Beneath the Sea'', 1955), about a giant octopus attacking San Francisco. It was a box-office success, quickly followed by ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956), set in Washington D.C. – one of the best of the alien invasion films of the 1950s, and also a box office hit.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
In 1954, Irwin Allen had started work on a second feature-length documentary film, this one about animal life on land called ''[[The Animal World (film)|The Animal World]]'' (completed in 1956). Needing an opening sequence about dinosaurs, Allen hired premier model animator Willis O'Brien to animate the dinosaurs, but then gave him an impossibly short production schedule. O'Brien again hired Harryhausen to help with animation to complete the eight-minute sequence. It was Harryhausen's and O'Brien's first and only professional full-color work. Most viewers agree that the dinosaur sequence of ''Animal World'' was the best part of the entire movie{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} (''Animal World'' is available on the DVD release of O'Brien's 1957 film ''[[The Black Scorpion (film)|The Black Scorpion]]'').
 
Harryhausen then returned to Columbia and Charles Schneer to make ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]'' (1957), about an American spaceship returning from Venus. The spaceship crashes into the sea near [[Sicily]], releasing an on-board alien egg specimen which washes up on shore. The egg soon hatches a creature that, in Earth's atmosphere, rapidly grows to gigantic size and terrifies the citizens of Rome. Harryhausen refined and improved his already-considerable ability at establishing emotional characterizations in the face of his Venusian ''Ymir'' model, creating yet another international box office hit.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
Schneer was eager to graduate to full-color films. Reluctant at first, Harryhausen managed to develop the systems necessary to maintain proper color balances for his DynaMation process, resulting in his biggest hit of the 1950s, ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1958). The top-grossing film of that summer, and one of the top-grossing films of that year, Schneer and Harryhausen signed another deal with Columbia for four more color films.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
===1960s===
[[File:Jason and the Argonauts (1963) Hydra fight.png|thumb|right|The [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]] battle sequence in ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963)]]
After ''[[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver]]'' (1960) and ''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]'' (1961), both great artistic and technical successes, and successful at the box office, according to Harryhausen, who stated in the DVD and Blu-ray featurette about the making of ''Mysterious Island'': "''Mysterious Island'' was one of the most successful films that we made and I am glad people are still enjoying it today". And ''Gulliver'' "made its profits"{{Verify quote|date=April 2018}} as Ray is quoted in [[Jeff Rovin]]'s bio-book ''From The Land Beyond Beyond: The Making of the Movie Monsters You've Known and Loved – The Films of Willis O'Brien and Ray Harryhausen''.  His next film is considered by film historians{{who|date=April 2018}} and fans as Harryhausen's masterwork, ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963). Among the film's several celebrated animation sequences is an extended fight between three actors and seven living skeletons, a considerable advance on the single-skeleton fight scene in ''Sinbad''. This stop-motion sequence took over four months to complete.
[[File:Harryhausen Allosaurus Talos NMM.jpg|thumb|left|Models for the Allosaur in ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1966) and Talos from ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963) at the [[National Media Museum]]]]
Harryhausen next made ''[[First Men in the Moon (1964 film)|First Men in the Moon]]'' (1964), his only film made in the 2.35:1 [[widescreen]] (a.k.a. "[[CinemaScope]]") format, based on the novel by [[H. G. Wells]]. ''Jason'' and ''First Men in the Moon'' were box office disappointments at the time of their original theatrical release. That, plus changes of management at Columbia Pictures, resulted in his contract with Columbia Picture not being renewed.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Also, as the 1960s counter-culture came to influence more and more and younger filmmakers, and failing studios struggled to find material that was popular with the new "[[Baby boomer|Boomer-generation]]" audience, Harryhausen's love of the past, setting his stories in ancient fantasy worlds or previous centuries, kept him from keeping pace with changing tastes in the 1960s. Only a handful of Harryhausen's features have been set in then-present time, and none in the future. As this revolution in the traditional Hollywood film studio system, and the influx of a new generation of film makers sorted itself out, Harryhausen became a free agent.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
Harryhausen was then hired by [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer Films]] to animate the dinosaurs for ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1966).  It was a success at the box office, helped in part by the presence of [[Raquel Welch]] in her second film. Harryhausen next went on to make another dinosaur film, ''[[The Valley of Gwangi]]'' with Schneer. The project had been developed for Columbia, who declined. Schneer then made a deal with [[Warner Brothers]] instead. It was a personal project to Harryhausen, which he had wanted to do for many years, as it was storyboarded by his original mentor, Willis O'Brien for a 1939 film, ''Gwangi'', that was never completed.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Set in Mexico, ''The Valley of Gwangi'' is a parallel ''Kong'' story—cowboys capture a living ''[[Allosaurus]]'' and bring him to the nearest Mexican town for exhibition. Sabotage releases the creature, and it wreaks havoc on the town. The film features a roping scene reminiscent of 1949's ''Mighty Joe Young'' (which was itself recycled from the old ''Gwangi'' storyboards), and a spectacular fire and animation sequence inside a cathedral toward the end of the film.
 
===1970s–1990s===
After a few lean years, Harryhausen and Schneer talked Columbia Pictures into reviving the Sinbad character, resulting in ''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'', often remembered for the sword fight involving a statue of the six-armed Hindu goddess Kali. It was first released in Los Angeles in the Christmas season of 1973, but garnered its main audience in the spring and summer of 1974. It was followed by ''[[Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger]]'' (1977), which disappointed some fans because of its tongue-in-cheek approach. Both films were, however, box office successes.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
Schneer and Harryhausen finally were allowed by [[MGM]] to produce a big budget film with name actors and an expanded effects budget. The film started out smaller, but then MGM increased the budget to hire stars such as [[Laurence Olivier]]. It became the last feature film to showcase his effects work, ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981), for which he was nominated for a [[Saturn Award]] for Best Special Effects. For this film, he hired protégé model animators Steve Archer and two-time Oscar-nominated [[Jim Danforth]] to assist with major animation sequences. Harryhausen fans will readily discern that the armed-and-finned Kraken (a name borrowed from medieval Scandinavian folklore) he invented for ''Clash of the Titans'' has similar facial qualities to the Venusian Ymir he created 25 years earlier for ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]''.
 
Perhaps because of his hermetic production style and the fact that he produced half of his films outside of Hollywood (living in London since 1960), reducing his day-to-day kinship with other more traditional, but still influential Hollywood effects artists, none of Harryhausen's films were nominated for a special effects Oscar. Harryhausen himself says the reason was that he worked in Europe, but this oversight by the AMPAS visual-effects committee also occurred throughout the 1950s when Harryhausen lived in Los Angeles.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
In spite of the very successful box office returns of ''Clash of the Titans'', more sophisticated computer-assisted technology developed by ILM and others began to eclipse Harryhausen's production techniques, and so MGM and other studios passed on funding his planned sequel, ''Force of the Trojans'', causing Harryhausen and Schneer to retire from active filmmaking.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
In the early 1970s, Harryhausen had also concentrated his efforts on authoring a book, ''Film Fantasy Scrapbook'' (produced in three editions as his last three films were released) and supervising the restoration and release of (eventually all) his films to VHS, Laserdisc, DVD, and currently Blu-ray. A second book followed, ''Ray Harryhausen: An Animated Life'', written with author and friend [[Tony Dalton]], which details his techniques and history.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/dec/20/featuresreviews.guardianreview16 "Model Heroes: ... Ray Harryhausen recalls the battles behind the scenes of Jason and the Argonauts"]. Ray Harryhausen. ''The Guardian''. December 20, 2003. Retrieved 2009-01-27. This is an edited extract from ''Ray Harryhausen: An Animated Life'' by Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton (Aurum Press, 2003).</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1854109405/guardianunlim-21 Amazon page] Retrieved 2009-01-27.</ref> This was then followed in 2005 by ''The Art of Ray Harryhausen'', featuring sketches and drawings for his many projects, some of them unrealized. In 2008, Harryhausen and Dalton published a history of stop-motion model animation, ''A Century of Model Animation'', and, to celebrate Harryhausen's 90th birthday, the Ray & Diana Harryhausen Foundation published ''Ray Harryhausen – A Life in Pictures''. In 2011, Harryhausen and Dalton's last volume, called ''Ray Harryhausen's Fantasy Scrapbook'', was also published.
 
Harryhausen continued his lifelong friendship with [[Ray Bradbury]] until Bradbury's death in 2012.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Another longtime close friend was ''[[Famous Monsters of Filmland]]'' magazine editor, book writer, and sci-fi collector [[Forrest J Ackerman]], who loaned Harryhausen his photos of ''King Kong'' in 1933, right after Harryhausen had seen the film for the first time.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Harryhausen also maintained his friendships with his longtime producer, [[Charles H. Schneer]], who lived next door to him in a suburb of London until Schneer moved full-time to the U.S. (a few years later, in early 2009, Schneer died at 88 in [[Boca Raton, Florida]]);<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/movies/27schneer.html "Charles H. Schneer, Sci-Fi Film Producer, Dies at 88"] by Margalit Fox, ''The New York Times'', January 27, 2009, p. A28 (NY edition). Retrieved 2009-01-27.</ref> and with model animation protégé, [[Jim Danforth]], still living in the Los Angeles area.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
Harryhausen and [[Terry Moore (actress)|Terry Moore]] appeared in small comedic cameo roles in the 1998 remake of ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'', and he provided the voice of a polar bear cub in the film ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]''. He also appears as a bar patron in ''[[Beverly Hills Cop III]]'', and as a doctor in the John Landis film ''[[Spies Like Us]]''. In 2010, Harryhausen had a brief cameo in ''[[Burke & Hare (2010 film)|Burke & Hare]]'', a British film directed by Landis.
 
In 1986, Harryhausen formed the Ray & Diana Harryhausen Foundation, a registered charity in the U.K. and U.S. that preserves his collection and promotes the art of stop-motion animation and Harryhausen's contributions to the genre.
 
===2000s–2010s===
[[TidalWave Productions]]' ''[[TidalWave Productions#Ray Harryhausen Signature Series|Ray Harryhausen Signature Series]]'' produced authorized comic-book adaptions of some of Harryhausen's unrealized projects from 2007 on.<ref name="CC01">{{cite web |title=BLUEWATER: Ray Harryhausen and Bluewater Make A Splash |url=http://www.comiclist.com/index.php/news/bluewater_ray_harryhausen_and_bluewater_ |work=Comiclist |date=2007-01-24 |access-date=2017-09-17 }}</ref>
 
In 2009, he released self-colorized versions on Blu-Ray video of three of his classic black-and-white Columbia films: ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]'', ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'', and ''[[It Came from Beneath the Sea]]''. He also personally supervised the colorization of three films, two of them in partial tribute to their producer [[Merian C. Cooper]], who had supervised ''King Kong'', the film that inspired him as a young man: ''[[The Most Dangerous Game (film)|The Most Dangerous Game]]'' (1932), ''[[She (1935 film)|She]]'' (1935), and the non-Cooper film ''[[Things to Come]]'' (1936).
 
==Death and legacy==
Harryhausen married Diana Livingstone Bruce in October, 1962. The couple had a daughter, Vanessa. The family announced Harryhausen's death on Twitter and Facebook on May 7, 2013.<ref name="Facebook">Facebook. [https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Ray-and-Diana-Harryhausen-Foundation/125012827632564 Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation Facebook Page] Retrieved 2013-06-07.</ref> Diana survived her husband by five months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://file770.com/?p=14837|title=Diana Harryhausen Dies|date=14 October 2013|website=file770.com|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
 
The ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' quoted Harryhausen's website, saying his "influence on today's film makers was enormous, with luminaries; [[Steven Spielberg]], [[James Cameron]], [[Peter Jackson]], [[George Lucas]], [[John Landis]] and the U.K.'s own [[Nick Park]] have cited Harryhausen as being the man whose work inspired their own creations."<ref name="mirror">Rankin, Ben (May 7, 2013). [https://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/film/ray-harryhausen-dead-movie-veteran-1874607#ixzz2Sd9O7z7p Ray Harryhausen dead: Movie veteran dies] Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-07.</ref> Harryhausen drew a distinction between films that combine special effects animation with live action and films that are completely animated, such those of [[Nick Park]], [[Henry Selick]], [[Ivo Caprino]], [[Ladislav Starevich]] (and his own fairy tale shorts), which he saw as pure "puppet films", and which are more accurately (and traditionally) called "puppet animation".{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
The BBC quoted [[Peter Lord]] of [[Aardman Animations]], who wrote on Twitter that Harryhausen was "a one-man industry and a one-man genre".<ref name="bbc">BBC. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22441567 Ray Harryhausen, visual effects master, dies aged 92] Retrieved 2013-06-07.</ref> The BBC also quoted ''[[Shaun of the Dead]]'' director [[Edgar Wright]]: "I loved every single frame of Ray Harryhausen's work ... He was the man who made me believe in monsters."<ref name="bbc"/> In a full statement released by the family, George Lucas said, "Without Ray Harryhausen, there would likely have been no ''Star Wars''".<ref name="Walsh">{{cite web |title=Titan of mythology movies left behind a treasure trove of ideas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jul/21/harryhausen-animation-cinema-hollywood-film-mythology-adventure-models |website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Dalya|last=Alberge|date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name="family statement">{{Cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/103886-rip-ray-harryhausen-1920-2013|title=RIP Ray Harryhausen: 1920–2013|date=May 7, 2013|website=ComingSoon.net}}</ref> [[Terry Gilliam]] said, "What we do now digitally with computers, Ray did digitally long before but without computers. Only with his digits."<ref name="family statement"/> James Cameron said, "I think all of us who are practitioners in the arts of science fiction and fantasy movies now all feel that we're standing on the shoulders of a giant. If not for Ray's contribution to the collective dreamscape, we wouldn't be who we are."<ref name="family statement"/>
 
[[John Walsh (filmmaker)|John Walsh]], author of ''[[Harryhausen: The Lost Movies]]'', calls Harryhausen "the most influential stop-motion animator and special-effects wizard in cinema history."<ref name="Walsh"/>
 
==Foundation==
Harryhausen left his collection, which includes all of his film-related artifacts, to the Ray & Diana Harryhausen Foundation,<ref name="Harryhausen Foundation">{{cite web|url=http://rayharryhausen.com/|title=The Ray & Diana Harryhausen Foundation|website=rayharryhausen.com|location=London, UK|access-date=7 August 2018}}</ref> which he set up in 1986 to look after his extensive collection, to protect his name and to further the art of model stop-motion animation. The trustees are his daughter Vanessa Harryhausen, Simon Mackintosh, actress [[Caroline Munro]], who appeared in ''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'' [http://www.rayharryhausen.com/people/caroline-munro/] and film maker [[John Walsh (filmmaker)|John Walsh]], [http://www.rayharryhausen.com/people/john-walsh/], who first met Harryhausen in 1988 as a student at the [[London Film School]] and made the documentary ''[[Ray Harryhausen: Movement Into Life]]'', narrated by ''[[Doctor Who]]'' actor [[Tom Baker]].{{better source|see [[WP:Citing IMDb]]|date=October 2018}} The foundation's website charts progress on the restoration of the collection and plans for Harryhausen's legacy.<ref name="Harryhausen Foundation"/>
 
In 2013, the RH foundation and Arrow Films released a feature-length biography of Harryhausen and his films, ''Ray Harryhausen – Special Effects Titan'', on Blu-Ray. Featuring photos, artifacts, and film clips culled directly from Harryhausen's estate and never before seen by the public, the film was initially released only in the U.K., but was released on Blu-Ray in the U.S. in 2016.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
 
In February 2016, John Walsh and Collections Manager Connor Heaney<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harryhausen100.com/podcasts/|title=Podcasts – The Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation|website=www.harryhausen100.com}}</ref> began a podcast about all things Harryhausen, from the films to the various composers involved on the productions. Occasionally the podcast features interviews with fans, as well as insights into Harryhausen's models from Foundation model conservator Alan Friswell. The podcast has featured [[Mark Gatiss]], [[John Cairney]], Caroline Munro, and Vanessa Harryhausen.
 
Some of Harryhausen's models and artworks were showcased as part of the [[Barbican Centre]]'s 'Into the Unknown' exhibition from June 3 to September 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbican.org.uk/intotheunknown/|title=Into the Unknown – Barbican|website=www.barbican.org.uk|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> To mark his 97th birthday on July 29, 2017, the Barbican posted a guest blog by Heaney, highlighting Harryhausen's lasting influence on science fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.barbican.org.uk/2017/06/5-ways-ray-harryhausen-influenced-science-fiction/|title=5 Ways Ray Harryhausen Influenced Science Fiction |website=blog.barbican.org.uk|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
 
On June 5, 2017, it was announced that a major exhibition of Harryhausen's models, "Ray Harryhausen—Mythical Menagerie", would take place at the [[Science Museum Oklahoma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sciencemuseumok.org/smart-space/ray-harryhausen|title=Ray Harryhausen – Mythical Menagerie&nbsp;- Science Museum Oklahoma|website=sciencemuseumok.org|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The exhibition opened on July 29. [[USA Today]] called it "one of best museum exhibits in the U.S. this fall".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/destinations/2017/09/01/the-best-museum-exhibits-in-the-us-this-fall/105190574/|title=The best museum exhibits in the U.S. this fall|website=usatoday.com|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> In 2018 the exhibition was nominated for a [[Rondo Hatton]] Award for "Best Live Event".<ref name="rondoaward.com">{{cite web|url=http://rondoaward.com/rondoaward.com/blog/?p=741|title=Here are the winners of the (Gasp!) 16th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards – The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards|website=rondoaward.com}}</ref>
 
An exhibition at [[Tate Britain]] from June 26 to November 19, 2017 features work from the Harryhausen collection and short film made by John Walsh on the restoration of a painting owned by Harryhausen which influenced his work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-britain/display/spotlights/art-ray-harryhausen|title=The Art of Ray Harryhausen: Until 19 November 2017 – Display at Tate Britain |website=Tate|access-date=20 September 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916212759/http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-britain/display/spotlights/art-ray-harryhausen|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scifibulletin.com/live/review-the-art-of-ray-harryhausen/|title=Review: The Art of Ray Harryhausen|date=13 July 2017|website=scifibulletin.com|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
 
In September 2018, Titan Books published ''Harryhausen – The Movie Posters'' by author [[Richard Holliss]], focusing on the various movie posters associated with Harryhausen's films from across the globe.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
 
In September 2019, Foundation trustee, Titan Books published a new book by Walsh, [[Harryhausen: The Lost Movies]] which delves into the hidden treasures of Ray's unrealised film projects. On the 15th September, a book launch and signing event was held at the [[Forbidden Planet]] London Megastore, and was followed up with a 4K screening of ''The 7th Voyage of Sinbad''. In a podcast interview with [[BritFlicks]], Walsh discussed his plans to further develop lost Ray Harryhausen film projects, which includes the follow up to 1981's "Clash of the Titans", entitled "Force of the Trojans".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://britflicks.com/blog.aspx?blogid=24084|title=John Walsh Talks About His Political Documentary TORYBOY & Plans To Develop Lost Harryhausen Scripts|website=britflicks.com}}</ref>
 
An exhibition opened showing items from the Harryhausen collection at the [[Valence House Museum]] on March 14, 2018. The exhibition was inspired by local man Alan Friswell, who worked with Ray Harryhausen on the creatures' restorations. It was funded by [[Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lbbd.gov.uk/news/hollywood-comes-valence-house/?loggedin=true|title=Hollywood comes to Valence House – London Borough of Barking and Dagenham Council|website=lbbd.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yellowad.co.uk/article.cfm?id=131024&headline=Dagenham+special+effects+exhibition+to+showcase+models+from+Jason+and+the+Argonauts&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2018|title=Dagenham special effects exhibition to showcase models from Jason and the Argonauts|website=yellowad.co.uk|date=16 March 2018}}</ref>
 
==Centenary==
 
In July 2018, it was announced that the largest ever exhibition of Ray Harryhausen's models and artwork would take place at the [[Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art]] in [[Edinburgh]], to mark the centenary of his birth. The exhibition is running for a year, from October 2020 until September 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Harryhausen {{!}} Titan of Cinema |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/exhibition/ray-harryhausen-titan-cinema |website=nationalgalleries.org |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywood animation guru's creations set to come back to life in Edinburgh |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/hollywood-animation-gurus-creations-set-come-back-life-edinburgh-544819 |website=scotsman.co.uk |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> The exhibition was the subject of a [[BBC iPlayer]] documentary entitled 'Culture in Quarantine', which featured interviews with Vanessa Harryhausen, [[Caroline Munro]] and [[Martine Beswick]], as well as footage from [[Ray Harryhausen: Movement Into Life|Ray Harryhausen: Movement into Life]].<ref>{{cite web |title=bbc.co.uk |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p08fvdl6/culture-in-quarantine-exhibition-tours-3-ray-harryhausen-titan-of-cinema-the-exhibition |website=Culture in Quarantine Exhibition Tours: 3. Ray Harryhausen: Titan of Cinema – The Exhibition |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> Many of Harryhausen's original latex models have been repaired for this exhibition: in an interview with the [[Visual Effects Society]], Walsh said that ‘We’re restoring pieces as we go, trying to get things back as close to how people remember them as possible'.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gearing up for Ray Harryhausen's 100th Anniversary |url=https://www.vfxvoice.com/gearing-up-for-ray-harryhausens-100th-anniversary/ |website=vfxvoice.com |date=2 January 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
It was also announced that Vanessa Harryhausen was writing a book to mark her father's centenary, to accompany the exhibition in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Harryhausen's pioneering monsters live on in new exhibition in Edinburgh |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/1784597/ray-harryhausens-pioneering-monsters-live-on-in-new-exhibition-in-edinburgh/ |website=Pressandjournal.co.uk |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Also entitled [[Ray Harryhausen: Titan of Cinema]], the book looks back on his personal and professional life through Vanessa's 100 favourite objects from his collection, and contains contributions from [[John Landis]], [[Rick Baker]], [[Phil Tippett]], [[Jim Danforth]] and others.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Harryhausen: Titan of Cinema (paperback) |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/shop/books/exhibition-books/pre-order-ray-harryhausen-titan-cinema-paperback |website=nationalgalleries.org |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
 
In 2021, it was announced that [[The Ray Harryhausen Award]] would be launched to celebrate Ray's influence on contemporary filmmakers and animators. The first awards ceremony will take place on what would have been Ray's 102nd birthday, in June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Animation Awards Announced in Honour of Ray Harryhausen |url=https://www.starburstmagazine.com/new-animation-awards-announced-honour-ray-harryhausen |website=www.starburstmagazine.com/ |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
 
== The Gordon E. Sawyer Academy Award ==
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Harryhausen's fans who had graduated into the professional film industry started lobbying [[The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] to acknowledge Harryhausen's contribution to the film industry, and so, in 1992 the Academy finally awarded him the [[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]] (effectively a lifetime achievement "Oscar") for "technological contributions [which] have brought credit to the industry", with actor [[Tom Hanks]] as the Master of Ceremonies, and Ray Bradbury (a friend from when they were both just out of high school) presenting the award to him.<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/reader/1854109405?p=S00A&j=1&ns=1#reader-page "Ray Harryhausen Revisited"] Ray Bradbury's forward to ''The Animated Life'' (2003), via Amazon. Retrieved 2009-01-27.</ref> After the presentation to Harryhausen, actor [[Tom Hanks]] told the audience, "Some people say ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' or ''[[Citizen Kane]]''...I say ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' is the greatest film ever made!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stopmotionworks.com/news/index.php/710/harryhausen-25-years-ago-1992-oscars-award|title=Harryhausen – 25 Years Ago 1992, Oscars Award {{!}} Stop Motion Works News|website=www.stopmotionworks.com|access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref>
 
== Other awards and honors ==
* The work of Ray Harryhausen was celebrated in an exhibition at London's [[Museum of the Moving Image (London)|Museum of the Moving Image]] (MOMI) in 1990.
* In 2010 the main screening theater at [[Sony Pictures Digital|Sony Pictures Digital Productions]] was named in honor of Harryhausen.<ref>[http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/sony-names-theater-after-harryhausen-18855 Sony Names Theater After Ray Harryhausen]. ''The Wrap''. Retrieved 2012-10-22.</ref>
* The [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame|Science Fiction Hall of Fame]] inducted Harryhausen in 2005, the first year it honored non-literary contributors.<ref name="sfhof2005"/>{{efn|After inducting 36 fantasy and science fiction writers and editors from 1996 to 2004, the hall of fame dropped "fantasy" and made non-literary contributors eligible. Alongside one writer, the first three were Harryhausen, illustrator [[Chesley Bonestell]], and filmmaker [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref name="sfhof2005"/><ref name="sfhof-old"/>}} He received the annual British Fantasy Society [[British Fantasy Award|Wagner Award]] in 2008 for his lifetime contribution to the genre.<ref name="SFAwards"/>
* On June 10, 2003, Harryhausen was honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref name="WalkOfFame"/>
* In 2005, Harryhausen received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ray Harryhausen interview|url=https://www.flashbackfiles.com/ray-harryhausen-interview|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The Flashback Files|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Ray received an honorary [[BAFTA]] in June 2010 at a ceremony at the [[British Film Institute]]. His mask award was presented to him by filmmaker [[Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/heritage/features/ray-harryhausen-90th-birthday-celebration-photos|title=Ray Harryhausen 90th Birthday Celebration Photos|website=www.bafta.org|date=26 June 2010}}</ref>
* In 2011, Harryhausen was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Visual Effects Society]]. Harryhausen was later inducted into the Visual Effects Society Hall of Fame in 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/visual-effects-society-hall-of-fame-2018-gene-roddenberry-ray-harryhausen-saul-bass-1202445942/|title=Visual Effects Society Names Its 2018 Hall Of Famers & Other Career Honorees|website=www.deadline.com|date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
 
==Preservation==
The [[Academy Film Archive]] has preserved a number of Ray Harryhausen's films, including ''Guadalcanal'', ''How to Bridge a Gorge'', and ''The Story of Hansel and Gretel''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preserved Projects|url=http://www.oscars.org/academy-film-archive/preserved-projects?title=&filmmaker=ray+harryhausen&category=All&collection=All|website=Academy Film Archive}}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
Fan and filmmaker tributes to Harryhausen abound in many forms.
* In the video game ''[[Killer Instinct]]'', three characters are Harryhausen-inspired, specifically Spinal, Eyedol, and Gargos.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* The [[Mythos Games]]/[[Virgin Interactive Entertainment]] computer game ''[[Magic and Mayhem]]'' (1999) features over 25 [[stop-motion]] mythological creatures that were inspired by Harryhausen's work.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Constructed by special effects expert and stop-motion animator Alan Friswell, the various characters include a [[dragon]], a [[centaur]], a [[griffin]] and a fighting skeleton. For the griffin's wing animation, Friswell studied the griffin from ''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1974).{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Friswell subsequently worked for the Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation, restoring many of the original animation models used in Harryhausen's films.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Friswell still holds the position of official restorer for the Foundation.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* The 1992 comedy-horror film ''[[Army of Darkness]]'' features the titular army resembling the army of skeletons from ''Jason and the Argonauts''.{{citation needed|reason=need citation to suggest this is a deliberate homage rather than just a skeleton army|date=April 2016}}
* In the 2001 [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Disney]]/[[Pixar]] [[animated]] film ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' pays homage to Harryhausen in a scene where [[List of Monsters, Inc. characters#James P. Sullivan|James P. "Sulley" Sullivan]], [[List of Monsters, Inc. characters#Mike Wazowski|Mike Wazowski]], [[List of Monsters, Inc. characters#Boo|Boo]], [[List of Monsters, Inc. characters#Celia Mae|Celia Mae]] and other [[monster]]s visit a [[Japanese restaurant|Japanese]] and [[sushi]] [[restaurant]] named Harryhausen's in [[Monsters, Inc. (franchise)|Monstropolis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fun Factory|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4727218/Fun-factory.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4727218/Fun-factory.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=December 31, 2001}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Tim Burton]] considers his satiric [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] movie ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' (1996) to be a tribute to Harryhausen, especially in a scene in which one of the hostile Martians' [[flying saucer]]s chops down the [[Washington Monument]] by crashing into it, just as Harryhausen had done in his movie ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' in 1956.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* In 2007, fantasy comic book author/illustrator [[Stephen D. Sullivan]] dedicated his novel ''Warrior's Bones'' to Harryhausen and comic book creator [[Stan Lee]]. "For stoking the fires of my imagination." In the book, which is part of the ''[[Dragonlance: The New Adventures]]'' series, the heroine must battle a rampaging clockwork giant.
* The ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' episode "Little Gift Shop of Horrors" (specifically the "Clay Day" segment), has several references to Ray Harryhausen and his work.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* In the 2005 film ''[[Corpse Bride]]'', while Victor is at Victoria's house, he plays the piano, which is labelled as a "Harryhausen".
* The 2007 song "[[Worried About Ray]]" by English pop rock band [[the Hoosiers]] is inspired by and is about Harryhausen.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* A short clay-animation film, "Martian Peen Worm" (here abridged from a much longer title) made in the 1970s in Texas by [[Ivan Stang]] of [[Church of the SubGenius]] fame, refers to the worm at one stage of its growth-development as a "Nesuahyrrah" (Harryhausen spelled backwards).
* Another 17-minute short film made in 2005, "Southwestern Orange County vs. the Flying Saucers", uses identical saucer models to Harryhausen's similarly titled 1956 alien invasion movie.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* In ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'' Season 4 Episode 5 "The Revenge Society", Red Mantle sarcastically compares Phantom Limb to Ray Harryhausen. Harryhausen is also mentioned in Season 5 Episode 2 "Spanikopita!" by Billy Quizboy's nemesis, Augustus St. Cloud, who shows off the movie prop Bubo, from ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'',  stating "Harryhausen's a friend."
* Harryhausen was the subject of the song ''Monster'', the title track of former [[The Stranglers|Stranglers]] singer [[Hugh Cornwell]]'s 2018 solo album.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/hughcornwellofficial/photos/ray-harryhausen-is-the-man-who-inspired-hughs-track-monster-here-are-some-of-the/1828687407185560/ Hugh Cornwell] ''Facebook''. 8 September 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</ref>
 
In March 1983, Harryhausen participated in a special one-day event at Mann's Chinese Theater celebrating the 50th anniversary of premier screening of the 1933 ''King Kong'' in the same theater. Visual effects technicians from several film-effects facilities recreated the life-sized bust of Kong as it appeared in the theater's outer lobby area 50 years earlier. The August 1983 issue of ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' features three articles about the event.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
 
==Filmography==
===Feature films and creatures animated===
* ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1949, First technician)
** Mighty Joe Young
* ''[[The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms]]'' (1953, Visual effects)
** ''Rhedosaurus''
* ''[[It Came from Beneath the Sea]]'' (1955, Visual effects)
** It ([[Enteroctopus|Giant octopus]])
* ''[[The Animal World (film)|The Animal World]]'' (1956, Effects technician, documentary)
** ''[[Brontosaurus]]''
** ''[[Allosaurus]]''
** ''Brontosaurus'' hatchling
** ''[[Stegosaurus]]''
** ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''
** ''[[Triceratops]]''
** ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]''
* ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956, Special photographic/animation effects)
** [[Flying saucers]]
* ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]'' (1957, Visual effects)
** [[Spacecraft|Spaceship]]
** [[Ymir]]
** [[Elephant]]
* ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1958, Associate producer, visual effects)
** [[Cyclops]]
** [[Serpent (symbolism)|Serpent]] woman
** [[Roc (mythology)|Roc]] hatchling
** Roc
** [[Human skeleton|Skeleton]]
** [[Dragon]]
* ''[[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver]]'' (1960, Visual effects)
** [[Squirrel]]
** [[Crocodile]]
* ''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]'' (1961, Special visual effects)
** [[Crab]]
** ''[[Phorusrhacos|Phororhacos]]''
** [[Cephalopod]]
** [[Bee]]
* ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' (1963, Associate producer, visual effects)
** [[Talos]]
** [[Harpies]]
** [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]
** Skeletons
* ''[[First Men in the Moon (1964 film)|First Men in the Moon]]'' (1964, Associate producer, visual effects)
** Moonship
** Space Sphere
** Moon Cow
** Kate Calendar's skeleton
** Selenite
** Grand Lunar
* ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1966, Special visual effects)
** ''Brontosaurus''
** ''[[Archelon]]''
** ''Allosaurus''
** ''Triceratops''
** ''Ceratosaurus''
** ''[[Pterodactyl]]''
** ''[[Rhamphorhynchus]]''
** ''Pterodactyl'' hatchlings
* ''[[The Valley of Gwangi]]'' (1969, Associate producer, visual effects)
** [[Horse]]
** ''[[Eohippus]]''
** ''[[Pteranodon]]''
** ''[[Ornithomimus]]''
** Gwangi (''Allosaurus''/''Tyrannosaurus'')
** ''[[Styracosaurus]]''
** Elephant
* ''[[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]]'' (1973, Producer, visual effects)
** [[Homunculus|Homonicus]]
** [[Figurehead (object)|Figurehead]]
** [[Kali]]
** [[Centaur]]
** [[Griffin]]
* ''[[Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger]]'' (1977, Producer, visual effects)
** [[Ghouls]]
** [[Baboon]]
** [[Minotaur|Minoton]]
** [[Hornet]]
** [[Walrus]]
** ''[[wikt:troglodyte|Troglodyte]]''
** Guardian of the Shrine
* ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' (1981, Producer, visual effects)
** [[Vulture]]
** [[Pegasus]]
** Calibos
** Bubo (Mechanical [[Horned owl]])
** Dioskilos
** [[Medusa]]
** [[Scorpions]]
** [[Kraken]]
 
===Short films===
* ''How to Bridge a Gorge'' (also known as ''How to Build a Bridge'') (1942) (producer)
* ''[[Tulips Shall Grow]]'' (1942) (chief animator) – part of George Pal's Puppetoons
* ''Guadalcanal'' (1943) (director, 10 minutes)
* ''Mother Goose Stories'' (1946) (producer) (silent with text)
* ''The Story of Little Red Riding Hood'' (1949) (producer, animator)
* ''The Story of Rapunzel'' (1951) (producer)
* ''The Story of Hansel and Gretel'' (1951) (producer)
* ''The Story of King Midas'' (1953) (producer)
* ''[[The Story of The Tortoise & the Hare]]'' (2002) (director, co-producer, animator) (production begun in 1953)
 
===Interviews and acting===
* ''[[20 Million Miles to Earth]]'' (1957) – Man Feeding Elephant (uncredited)
* ''The Fantasy Film World of Ray Harryhausen'' (1983) – interview (reissued as ''Aliens, Dragons, Monsters & Me'' in 1986 and 1990)
* ''[[Spies Like Us]]'' (1985) – Dr. Marston
* ''[[The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal]]'' (1985) – interview
* ''[[Ray Harryhausen: Movement Into Life]]'' (1989) – interview<ref>{{IMDb title|tt3332334}}</ref> made by Ray Harryhausen Foundation Trustee [[John Walsh (filmmaker)|John Walsh]]
* ''[[Beverly Hills Cop III]]'' (1994) – Bar Patron #2
* ''The Harryhausen Chronicles'' (1997) – interview
* ''[[Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)|Mighty Joe Young]]'' (1998) – Gentleman at Party
* ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]'' (2003) – Polar Bear Cub (voice)
* ''[[Ray Harryhausen: Special Effects Titan]]'' (2011) – interview
* ''Trail of the Screaming Forehead'' (2007) – himself – presenter
* ''The Boneyard Collection'' (2008) – himself (segment "Her Morbid Desires")
* ''[[Burke & Hare (2010 film)|Burke & Hare]]'' (2010) – Distinguished Doctor (final film role)
* ''MENTALLUSIONS: Radical Eclectic Films of Benjamin Meade'' (2012) – himself
 
==Unrealized projects==
* ''The Jupiter Project (a.k.a. Jupiterian)'' (1937): A short experimental film by Ray when he was seventeen, the story was a ''[[Flash Gordon]]''–like adventure in which a spaceship lands on [[Jupiter]] and encounters a multi-armed creature{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''Evolution of the World'' (a.k.a. ''Evolution'') (1938): Planned as a short film exploring the lifespan of the dinosaurs and their eventual extinction, Ray stopped when he saw the [[Disney]] film, [[Fantasia (1940 film)|Fantasia]] (1940) had a similar sequence. Only artwork and a twenty minute of color film made by Ray featuring an [[Allosaurus]], a [[Brontosaurus]], a [[Saber-toothed tiger]], a [[Stegosaurus]], a [[Triceratops]], and a [[Woolly Mammoth]] were made. {{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
* ''Atlantis'' (1940):
* ''Daphis and Chloe'' (1941)
* ''Dante’s Inferno'' (1941)
* ''Dinosaur Graveyard'' (1942): Only a handwritten pencil outline for this proposed film exists for this film. The plot would have involved the discovery of a dinosaur in a tunnel between Eastern Island and Peru.
* ''R.U.R. Rossum’s Universal Robots'' (1945):
* ''The Satyr'' (1946): A circus owner and a millionaire hear of a mythical underworld connected to Egyptian and Mexican pyramids and the promise of untapped oil deposits. They discover a [[griffin]], a [[cyclops]], a [[mermaid]], a [[sphinx]], [[Medusa]], and a giant [[satyr]], who controlled the underworld. They capture the satyr but it escapes and returns back to the underworld.
* ''The Mother Goose Stories'' (1945-1953): Ray animated shorts about fairy tales, nursery rhymes, and myths. He collected them all together under the title The Mother Goose Stories, which he distributed to schools with great success. Such episodes ranged from, [[Little Red Riding Hood]], [[Rapunzel]], and [[Hansel and Gretel]]. Potential episodes Ray wanted to do included [[Daniel in the lions' den]], [[Hickory Dickory Dock]], [[Jack Sprat]], [[Mary Had a Little Lamb]], [[The Night Before Christmas]], [[Simple Simon (nursery rhyme)|Simple Simon]], [[Wee Willie Winkie]], [[Frog Prince]], [[David and Goliath]], Little Googie, [[Aesop's Fables]], [[Beauty and the Beast]], [[Rumpelstiltskin]], [[Sleeping Beauty]], and [[The Three Bears]]. However, none of these tales were made. One shelved short film project, [[The Tortoise and the Hare]] (1953), was resumed later and completed in 2002 by Harryhausen, in collaboration with animators Seamus Walsh and Mark Caballero (who had offered Harryhausen, long-retired since 1981, their services to help him finish the film).
* ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher]]'' (1948): Based on the 1839 short story by [[Edgar Allan Poe]], Ray wanted to do what he called an outrageous story, but it was never made.
* ''[[War of the Worlds]]'' (1949): Based on the [[H.G. Wells]] novel of the same name, the plot involves Victorian England being invaded by Martians. In later drafts, the Martians invade earth in present day America. This would later on be made into a movie by Ray's friend [[George Pal]] in 1953.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Ellie |title=Curator recalls 'hoarder' Ray Harryhausen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-22449173 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=BBC}}</ref>
* ''[[Baron Munchausen]]'' (1950): Test footage was shot for the film, but it never made it to the silver screen. {{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''The Visitation'' (1950) (A.K.A. The Thing from Beyond):
* ''Lost City'' (1950): The basis is similar to Ray's Satyr (1946), but very little material remains of the project. The plot involved the discovery of a centaur statue and inscriptions leading to an underground kingdom of centaurs. The explorers encounter many strange creatures, such as a cyclops.
* ''Fountain of Youth (1950): A millionaire has his own private museum. He abducts the hero of the story to aid him in finding the [[Fountain of Youth]]. Ray would incorporate idea's from this story in [[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]] (1973) and [[Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger]] (1977).
* ''Monster Story'' (1951): Only a typed two-page synopsis exists for this film. In the [[Rockies]], a group of holidaymakers come across a professor with a new weapon called A-2, which is able to mutate animals at a molecular level, creating monsters. They find a valley full of his experiments, such as a giant ant, a giant spider, dinosaurs, and a [[Neanderthal]] man.
* ''The Elementals'' (1952): Harryhausen wrote the original outline story about bat creatures that nest in the [[Eiffel Tower]] and terrorize [[Paris|Paris, France]]; he sold the idea for development to [[Jack Dietz]] in 1953, but the project, after several scripts—including one by [[Ray Bradbury]]—languished. Test footage, featuring Ray as a helpless victim was filmed.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''Worm Men'' (1953): Only three brief pages of this idea were drafted. An American geophysicist boards a plane to do some detailed arial mapping and sees a spot in the desert reflecting in the bright sunlight. One closer investigation, he discovers a vast metal structure buried in the desert sands. The 'worm men' themselves were considered as possible aliens in [[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]] (1956).
* ''Ugala'' (1953): An alternate take on [[The Lost World (1925 film)|The Lost World]] (1925), the premise included giant men and giant spiders, as well as dinosaurs, discovered by scientists who fly into a valley in Mexico by helicopter.
* ''The Time Machine'' (1954): Like War of the Worlds, Ray wanted to make his own version of this H. G. Wells story. In 1960, George Pal made his own version of the film.
* ''Terror from Another World'' (1955): Only a three-page treatment written by Ray exists of this story. The coastguard find a man and a woman adrift on the sea for several days. Both are unconscious and amongst their belongings is a dairy detailing the discovery of a [[flying saucer]] in the ocean. The coastguard crew finds the saucer and brings it on board. The alien insides escapes and attacks them. Some of the crew along with the two passengers escape and are rescued.
* ''Tarzan and the Ant Men'' (1960): Interested in the books by [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]], the story involved [[Tarzan]] entering a country of Miniuni, populated by the Minunians, who are four times smaller than Tarzan. The project was dropped due to difficulties in obtaining rights to the franchise{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''Food of the Gods'' (1961): Based on the 1904 novel by [[H.G. Wells]], the story involved scientists creating a food that accelerates the growth of animals and children, turning them into giants when they become adults. Originally developed as a project by [[Willis O'Brien]] in 1934. {{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''Skin and Bones'' (1963): Based on the novel by [[Thorne Smith]], it is a comedic tale about a photographer whose experiments with chemicals lead him to discover a form of invisibility, except for his skeleton.<ref>Webster, Chris. (7-8-2016). [5 Unmade Ray Harryhausen Films We Wish Existed https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3397881/5-unmade-ray-harryhausen-films-wish-existed/]. ''bloody-disgusting.com''. Bloody Disgusting.</ref>
* ''Gilliver's Travels TV show'' (1963): After the success of [[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver]] (1960), [[Charles H. Schneer]] thought the episodic nature of the novel would make an ideal television series. But the idea was never picked up for syndication.
* ''Breakout of the Loch Ness Monster'' (1963): Little is known about this project other than a script outline.
* ''The Prince of Balsora'' (1965): An [[Arabian Nights]] type of adventure summited by [[Jan Read]] when asked by Ray and [[Charles H. Schneer]].
* ''King Kong'' (1966, 1971): [[Hammer films]] attempted twice to remake King Kong , but due to [[RKO's]] strict no remakes policy for its films with other studio's.
* ''The Deluge'' (1967): A proposed [[Hammer Films]] remake of the 1933 film.
* ''King of the Geniis'' (1969): Intended to bring two of Ray's most successful brands, Sinbad and dinosaurs, to he screen. Was dropped after the poor reception of [[The Valley of Gwangi]] (1969). Some of the ideas went into what would become The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973).
* ''Conan'' (1969)
* ''Sinbad and the King of Baba Roo'' (1969): Only a four-page treatment exists for this Sinbad adventure. Sinbad meets King Baba Roo, the Sultan of Kor, who looks fifty but is in fact 150 years old. He tells Sinbad about the Fountain of Youth on the island of [[Lemuria]]. The Sultan must drink the water once a year, but the vessels in which he brought the water back have nearly all been exhausted. he warns Sinbad that the island is populated by many dangerous and exotic creatures. Much of the story would eventually become [[The Golden Voyage of Sinbad]] (1973) and [[Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger]] (1977).
* ''The Last of the Labyrinthodons'' (1969): Based off of a film idea by Willis O'Brien in 1954, the plot involved a group of explorers who discover a lost whale graveyard in an undersea land.
* ''When the Earth Cracked Open'' (1971): A Hammer film concerning a tribe of civilized cavemen, the River People, being attacked by the Five Warriors, who kidnap their women. The River People have to endure their way through a swamp full of giant animals like a giant toad, giant soldier ants, and a tentacled creature. Dropped due to its similarities to [[One Million Years B.C.]] (1966).
* ''Beowulf'' (1971)
* ''Sinbad Goes to Mars'' (a.k.a. ''Sinbad on Mars'' and ''Sinbad's Voyage to Mars'') (1978): The plot follows the Caliph of Alexandria's daughter, who is kidnapped near a pyramid. Sinbad is sent to rescue her, and within the pyramid he discovers that the princess has been spirited away to Mars. When Sinbad arrives there, he sees a planet overrun by giant moths and ruled by an evil queen obsessed with her search for the secret to immortality.
* ''Sinbad and the Seven Wonders of the World'' (1981): The story would see Sinbad's fiance Princess Scherezade kidnapped, with her captors demanding the seven pillars of wisdom. When combined, the pillars would form a pyramid that revels the secret of eternal life. The journey would take Sinbad to the [[Pharos]] lighthouse of [[Alexandria]], the pyramids of [[Ginza]], Olympia and the Games, a fight with a dragon in [[Rhodes]], the mausoleum at [[Halicarnassus]] and the Warrior of Ashes with its skeletal horses, [[Ephesus]], where he battles the [[Amazons]] and their goddess [[Hecate]], and the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]], where he discovers the [[Book of the Dead]]. Dropped due to being considered too ambitious.
* ''People of the Mist'' (1982): Based on an [[H. Rider Haggard]] story; the story begins in Victorian England, and follows two brothers as they travel from England to Africa seeking fortune. One Brother dies saving a woman from a lion, but the older brother discovers the Land of the Mist on a mountainous plateau populated by primitives and prehistoric creatures. There, he finds the secret of the mist: aliens controlling the very existence of evolution and mankind. Planned for British director [[Michael Winner]]; but dropped by Harryhausen due to Winner's insistence on radically changing the story{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''Force of the Trojans'' (1984): A version, with mythological creatures, of [[Aeneas]] and his journey after the fall of [[Troy]]; a sequel to ''Clash of the Titans''{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''The Story of Odysseus'' (1996–1998): Harryhausen was consultant on story development and character design for Carrington & Cosgrove Hall Productions{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
* ''The 8th Voyage of Sinbad: Return to Colossa'' (2007):
 
In an interview with [[Dalya Alberge]] for ''[[The Observer]]'', John Walsh said “he was taken aback by the scale of unrealized artwork that reveals new worlds, epic tales and fearsome creatures."<ref>{{cite web |title=Titan of mythology movies left behind a treasure trove of ideas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jul/21/harryhausen-animation-cinema-hollywood-film-mythology-adventure-models |website=The Guardian |date=21 July 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
 
==Turned down projects==
* ''[[Moby Dick]]'' (1956)
* ''[[The Giant Claw]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Night of the Demon]]'' (1957)
* ''King Kong vs. Frankenstein'' (1958-1961)
* ''John Carter of Mars'' (1959)
* ''When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth'' (1970)
* ''[[The Land That Time Forgot (1974 film)|The Land that Time Forgot]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Ilya Muromets]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' (1981)
* ''X-Men'' (1984)
* ''Dune'' (1984)
* ''[[The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse]]'' (2005)
 
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<!-- awards refs --><!-- http://www.britishfantasysociety.co.uk/the-british-fantasy-awards-constitution-ii/ -->
<ref name=sfhof2005>
{{cite web |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/make_contact/article.asp?articleID=206 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050326222649/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/make_contact/article.asp?articleID=206 |archive-date=March 26, 2005 |title=It's Official! Inductees Named for 2005 Hall of Fame Class |url-status=dead |access-date=August 30, 2016}}. Press release March 24, 2005. Science Fiction Museum (''sfhomeworld.org''). Archived 2005-03-26. Retrieved 2013-03-22.</ref>
<ref name=sfhof-old>
[http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ "Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521070009/http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |date=May 21, 2013 }}. Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved 2013-04-09. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004.</ref>
<ref name=SFAwards>
[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomDrama8.html#2280 "Harryhausen, Harry"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514152713/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomDrama8.html#2280 |date=May 14, 2013 }}. ''The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Dramatic Nominees''. [[Locus Publications]]. Retrieved 2013-04-09.</ref>
<ref name=WalkOfFame>
[http://www.walkoffame.com/ray-harryhausen "Ray Harryhausen"] "Hollywood Walk of Fame"
</ref>
}}
 
===Sources===
* ''Starlog'' December 1977 no. 10, "Ray Harryhausen" by Richard Meyers
* ''Starlog'' November 1985 no. 100, "Ray Harryhausen: The Man Who Works Miracles" by Steve Swires
* ''Starlog'' February 1988 no. 127, " Ray Harryhausen: Farewell to Fantasy Films" by Steve Swires
* ''Starlog Spectacular'' 1990 no. 1, "A Kind of Magic" interview by Stan Nicholls
* ''Movie Star'' (Germany) February 1997 no. 25/26, "Ray Harryhausen Trickfilmzauberer" by Uwe Sommerlad
* ''L'Eepress'' (France) December 2000 no. 2580, "Les effets speciaux doivent donner a rever. Rencontre avec Ray Harryhausen, maitre du genre dont "Jason et les Argonauts" ressort" by Arnaud Malherle
* ''Filmfax Magazine'' March 2001 no. 83, "The Many Worlds of Ray Harryhausen" by Michael Stein
* ''Pranke'' (Germany) March 2005 Vol. no. 27, "Interview with Ray Harryhausen" by Martin Stadler
* ''Onion'' March 21, 2006, "Ray Harryhausen" interview by Christopher Bahn
* ''Monster Bash Magazine'' December 2007 no. 7, "20 Million Miles to Harryhausen" by Lawrence Fultz Jr.
* ''Van Helsing's Journal'' April, 2011 no. 12, "A Conversation with Harryhausen" by Lawrence Fultz Jr.
 
== Further reading ==
* ''Film Fantasy Scrapbook'' by Ray Harryhausen (1972)
* ''From the Land Beyond Beyond: The Making of the Movie Monsters You've Known and Loved – The Films of Willis O' Brien and Ray Harryhausen'' by Jeff Rovin (1977)
* ''Ray Harryhausen: An Animated Life'' by Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton, foreword by Ray Bradbury (2003)
* ''The Dinosaur Films of Ray Harryhausen'' by Roy P. Webber, forewords by Jim Aupperle and Bill Maylone (2004)
* ''The Art of Ray Harryhausen'' by Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton, foreword by [[Peter Jackson]] (2005)
* ''A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman'' by Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton (2008)
* ''Ray Harryhausen: A Life in Pictures'' by Tony Dalton, foreword by [[George Lucas]], final word by Ray Bradbury (2010)
* ''Ray Harryhausen's Fantasy Scrapbook'' by Ray Harryhausen and Tony Dalton, foreword by [[John Landis]] (2011)
* ''Ray Harryhausen: Master of the Majicks'' by Mike Hankin, an exhaustive limited edition three-volume set of books showcasing Harryhausen and his films (the release of ''Volume 3'' is currently pending)
* ''Harryhausen: The Movie Posters'' by Richard Hollis (2018)
* ''[[Harryhausen: The Lost Movies]]'' by [[John Walsh (filmmaker)|John Walsh]] (2019)
 
==External links==
{{external links|section|date=September 2020}}
 
{{Commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.rayharryhausen.com}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160801114757/http://www.harryhausenarchive.com/index.php Original website] (archived)
*{{IMDb name|0366063}}
*{{amg name|93588}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060822104612/http://www.netribution.co.uk/2/content/view/500/267/ 2003 interview] at Netribution (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311180931/http://www.tailslate.net/articles/index.asp?ID=23&lst=n&dpt=articles 2004 interview] at Tail Slate (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070525045210/http://www.war-ofthe-worlds.co.uk/war_of_the_worlds_harryhausen.htm Unrealized ''War of the Worlds'' project] (archived)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150114174250/http://asiermensuro.com/es/ray-harryhausen.html 2011 exhibition] at Luis Seoane Foundation in Spain
*[http://www.eyeforfilm.co.uk/feature.php?id=540 2008 interview] at [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]]
*{{isfdb name |25098}}
 
{{Ray Harryhausen}}
{{Navboxes
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Harryhausen, Ray}}
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[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]

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delete me maybe?

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